Expanding human demands on land, sea and fresh water, along with the impacts of climate change, have made the conservation and management of wild areas and wild animals a top priority. But there are many different reasons for thinking that such conservation is important, and these reasons can shape conservation policies in different ways. In whole history of the world food, fur, and leather were key to human survival-more recently Here we'll explore some of the different underlying values that can direct conservation policy, and explain how they can create ethical dilemmas and disagreements. All Wild animals has been a critcal resource for human beings.What should we protect when managing and conserving wildlife? I wish there is answer there isn't one. Because of the competing vaules, and different prioritizations of vaules create ethical dilemas and disagrements. Environmentalist call this instrumental vaules if wildlife is a resource or a threat that how human being view wildlife. Some times a predator could help a ecosystem manage heard wildlife. In response to pressures on wild animals and their habitats, a nature and wildlife protection movement has grown over the last two centuries. Often this protection has taken the form of active wildlife management, where some species are controlled as part of a policy to promote the success of other species.In response to pressures on wild animals and their habitats, a nature and wildlife protection movement has grown over the last two centuries. Often this protection has taken the form of active wildlife management, where some species are controlled as part of a policy to promote the success of other species.Values at stake in wildlife management. Two main approaches to wildlife management — and nature management in general — can be identified: the wise use of nature, and the preservation of nature. These two approaches both reject the unthinking marginalization or destruction of wildlife. But when it comes to the actual management of wildlife and nature, the two approaches differ. The wise use approach aims to accommodate humanity's continuous use of wild nature as a resource for food, timber, and other raw materials, as well as for recreation. The idea of wise use appeals to our own best interests, or to the interests of humans over time, including future people (this approach is often called "sustainable use"). The goal of management is to enhance and maintain nature's yield as a valuable resource for human beings.Dilemmas and conflicts. These different values give rise to conflicts or dilemmas. For instance, there may be a conflict between sustaining certain human livelihoods and preserving a particular species, or there may be a dilemma between the protection of wild nature and animal welfare. The question, then, is how we should address such dilemmas and disagreements. We'll now outline five different possible ethical perspectives on these problems, drawn from within environmental and animal ethics.Underlying Ethical Approaches to Wild Animals: Five Perspectives A contractarian perspective. Contractarianism is an influential group of ethical approaches which maintain that morality has emerged — or should emerge — from humans making agreements or contracts among themselves. Such contracts can ensure the protection of individuals, allow them to gain benefits from co-operation, and by protecting and promoting individuals' interests, also create a good society. But animals can't make contracts. Thus, from a contractarian perspective, wild animals fall outside the ethical sphere and are, essentially, a resource for human use. On this view, the main ethical constraint on wildlife management is to make sure that wildlife is used wisely, for human benefit, in ways that humans can agree to. Since effective protection of nature and wildlife often requires coordinated action at a global level, there may, from a contractarian perspective, be very good reasons to support binding international agreements on the protection of endangered wildlife species. However, the long-term goal would always be to enable wildlife to be used for human purposes.A utilitarian perspective. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, an ethical theory based on the idea that we should aim to bring about the best outcome overall, taking into account everyone affected by the decision. For utilitarians, welfare — defined either in terms of pleasure or in terms of preference or desire satisfaction — is the primary value, and pain, or the frustration of desires, the primary disvalue. So, we should aim to minimize total pain or frustration and maximize total pleasure or desire satisfaction overall. Since animals of the kind we are considering here can suffer, we should take their suffering — and consequently, their welfare — into account in our management decisions. This view has significant implications for wildlife management. Take hunting, for example. In some cases, sport hunting would be morally unacceptable for a utilitarian, as it is likely to cause animal pain without producing comparable benefits to humans. But other kinds of hunting may be permissible, or even required. Suppose a deer population has grown so large that there is insufficient food to support it, causing all the deer to suffer and starve. In this case, culling some deer as painlessly as possible is likely to reduce animal suffering overall. What matters here, then, is how far wildlife management reduces or increases the overall level of animal and human welfare.An animal rights perspective. Animal rights theorists, such as the philosopher Tom Regan (1983), maintain that humans and certain other animals share critical similarities (such as being able to feel pain and having desires about their future). These shared capacities, on this view, underpin the possession of moral rights. And if an animal has rights, there are some things we may never do to it. In the case of wild animals, we should not kill, confine, or otherwise interfere in their lives. It is neither our right, nor our duty, to cull, nor in other ways to manage, wild animals. Nor may we take away the land and other resources that wild animals require to live natural lives. This does not mean that we cannot defend ourselves against wild animals if attacked — after all, we're permitted to defend ourselves against other humans. And, if necessary, habitats could be managed, provided animals were allowed to continue living the kinds of life they have evolved to live. But in general, a wildlife policy determined by an animal rights perspective would direct us just to leave wild animals alone. Respect for nature perspectives. "Respect for nature" really refers to an overlapping group of views, concerned with values other than those possessed by individual sentient living beings (by sentient, we just mean those beings with the ability to suffer or have other subjective experiences). Some of these views focus on protecting the value of naturalness itself. Others focus on the preservation of whole species, on protecting the "integrity" of species, or on biodiversity. Yet others argue that native ecological communities, or ecosystems, are of moral importance in themselves and should be preserved for this reason. This view was most famously proposed by Aldo Leopold — who became the first US professor of game management in 1933 — in his posthumously published essay collection A Sand County Almanac (1949). On all these "respect for nature" views, the moral importance of individual animals depends on how far they promote or threaten the key environmental values at stake. So members of keystone species in an ecosystem will be particularly important, while members of an invasive species that threatens either native species, or ecosystem health, should be removed or killed. A contextual (or relational) view. This is a group of associated views that share an emphasis on the ethical importance of human-animal relationships. On this approach, humans have rather different relations — and hence moral obligations — to wild animals than they have to domestic ones (Palmer 2010). This is not, primarily, due to differing human emotional responses to animals in such different contexts — though these may be a consideration. Rather, it is because humans are responsible for the very existence of domestic animals (unlike wild ones), and, additionally, through selective breeding, for their natures — and because this often renders the relevant animals dependent and vulnerable in ways wild animals are not. So, while we may have duties to assist hungry or suffering domesticated animals, such special obligations to help animals don't normally form part of wildlife management. Hybrid views. Given the plausibility of many of the values at stake, it's difficult to "choose" one of the above approaches, and thereby to reject the rest. A hybrid view attempts to combine at least some of these values. One important hybrid view is "ecological ethics". This view argues for the creation of a comprehensive pragmatic and pluralistic ethical framework, with a case study database, on which research scientists and conservation managers can draw when complex moral questions arise. This pluralistic ethical framework should incorporate different approaches to ethical theory, research ethics, and both environmental and animal ethics (Minteer & Collins 2005). The American philosopher Bryan Norton (Norton 2005) also develops a hybrid approach, distinguishing between animals in the wild context, in the domesticated context, and in mixed contexts (zoos, wildlife parks, and the like). Norton argues that we have implicitly taken on an obligation to care for the needs of domesticated animals and we should not, therefore, sacrifice the individual for the good of animal populations or species. But in the case of wild animals, he argues, we should respect the struggle of wild animals to perpetuate their kind, as well as to protect their own lives. Respect for this struggle may permit us to sacrifice the interests of the individual wild animal for the good of the animal population. Certainly, Norton's view has intuitive appeal, but both a utilitarian and a rights perspective, would question the kind of respect involved in our sacrificing individual animals for the sake of a population. We need do have these animals in future someday we want be able to hunt, or go fishing or see them in nature.